Tribblix: manual page: ls.1

LS(1) User Commands LS(1)

NAME

ls - list contents of directory

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

For each file that is a directory, ls lists the contents of the
directory. For each file that is an ordinary file, ls repeats its
name and any other information requested. The output is sorted
alphabetically by default. When no argument is given, the current
directory (.) is listed. When several arguments are given, the
arguments are first sorted appropriately, but file arguments appear
before directories and their contents.

There are three major listing formats. The default format for output
directed to a terminal is multi-column with entries sorted down the
columns. The -1 option allows single column output and -m enables
stream output format. In order to determine output formats for the
-C, -x, and -m options, ls uses an environment variable, COLUMNS, to
determine the number of character positions available on one output
line. If this variable is not set, the terminfo(5) database is used
to determine the number of columns, based on the environment
variable, TERM. If this information cannot be obtained, 80 columns
are assumed. If the -w option is used, the argument overrides any
other column width.

The mode printed when the -e, -E, -g, -l, -n, -o, -v, -V, or -@
option is in effect consists of eleven characters. The first
character can be one of the following:

d

The entry is a directory.

D

The entry is a door.

l

The entry is a symbolic link.

b

The entry is a block special file.

c

The entry is a character special file.

p

The entry is a FIFO (or "named pipe") special file.

P

The entry is an event port.

s

The entry is an AF_UNIX address family socket.

-

The entry is an ordinary file.

The next 9 characters are interpreted as three sets of three bits
each. The first set refers to the owner's permissions; the next to
permissions of others in the user-group of the file; and the last to
all others. Within each set, the three characters indicate permission
to read, to write, and to execute the file as a program,
respectively. For a directory, execute permission is interpreted to
mean permission to search the directory for a specified file. The
character after permissions is an ACL or extended attributes
indicator. This character is an @ if extended attributes are
associated with the file and the -@ option is in effect. Otherwise,
this character is a plus sign (+) character if a non-trivial ACL is
associated with the file or a space character if not.

If -/ and/or -% are in effect, then the extended system attributes
are printed when filesystem supports extended system attributes. The
display looks as follows:

$ls -/ c file
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 10 14:17 file
{AHRSadim-u--}

$ls -/ v file
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 10 14:17 file
{archive,hidden,readonly,system,\
appendonly,nodump,immutable,av_modified,\
noav_quarantined,nounlink,nooffline,\
nosparse}

$ls -l -% all file
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 10 14:17 file
timestamp: atime Jun 25 12:56:44 2007
timestamp: ctime May 10 14:20:23 2007
timestamp: mtime May 10 14:17:56 2007
timestamp: crtime May 10 14:17:56 2007

See the option descriptions of the -/ and -% option for details.

ls -l (the long list) prints its output as follows for the POSIX
locale:

-rwxrwxrwx+ 1 smith dev 10876 May 16 9:42 part2

Reading from right to left, you see that the current directory holds
one file, named part2. Next, the last time that file's contents were
modified was 9:42 A.M. on May 16. The file contains 10,876
characters, or bytes. The owner of the file, or the user, belongs to
the group dev (perhaps indicating development), and his or her login
name is smith. The number, in this case 1, indicates the number of
links to file part2 (see cp(1)). The plus sign indicates that there
is an ACL associated with the file. If the -@ option has been
specified, the presence of extended attributes supersede the presence
of an ACL and the plus sign is replaced with an 'at' sign (@).
Finally, the dash and letters tell you that user, group, and others
have permissions to read, write, and execute part2.

The execute (x) symbol occupies the third position of the three-
character sequence. A - in the third position would have indicated a
denial of execution permissions.

The permissions are indicated as follows:

r

The file is readable.

w

The file is writable.

x

The file is executable.

-

The indicated permission is not granted.

s

The set-user-ID or set-group-ID bit is on, and the corresponding
user or group execution bit is also on.

S

Undefined bit-state (the set-user-ID or set-group-id bit is on
and the user or group execution bit is off). For group
permissions, this applies only to non-regular files.

t

The 1000 (octal) bit, or sticky bit, is on (see chmod(1)), and
execution is on.

T

The 1000 bit is turned on, and execution is off (undefined bit-
state).

/usr/bin/ls
l

Mandatory locking occurs during access (on a regular file, the
set-group-ID bit is on and the group execution bit is off).

/usr/xpg4/bin/ls and /usr/xpg6/bin/ls
L

Mandatory locking occurs during access (on a regular file, the
set-group-ID bit is on and the group execution bit is off).

For user and group permissions, the third position is sometimes
occupied by a character other than x or -. s or S also can occupy
this position, referring to the state of the set-ID bit, whether it
be the user's or the group's. The ability to assume the same ID as
the user during execution is, for example, used during login when you
begin as root but need to assume the identity of the user you login
as.

In the case of the sequence of group permissions, l can occupy the
third position. l refers to mandatory file and record locking. This
permission describes a file's ability to allow other files to lock
its reading or writing permissions during access.

For others permissions, the third position can be occupied by t or T.
These refer to the state of the sticky bit and execution permissions.

Color Output

If color output is enabled, the environment variable LS_COLORS is
checked. If it exists, its contents are used to control the colors
used to display filenames. If it is not set, a default list of
colors is used. The format of LS_COLORS is a colon separated list of
attribute specifications. Each attribute specification is of the
format

filespec=attr[;attr..]

filespec is either of the form *.SUFFIX, for example, *.jar or *.Z,
or one of the following file types:

no

Normal file

fi

Regular file

di

Directory

ln

Symbolic link

pi

FIFO or named pipe

so

Socket

do

Door file

bd

Block device

cd

Character device

ex

Execute bit (either user, group, or other) set

po

Event port

st

Sticky bit set

or

Orphaned symlink

sg

setgid binary

su

setuid binary

ow

world writable

tw

Sticky bit and world writable

attr is a semicolon delimited list of color and display attributes
which are combined to determine the final output color. Any
combination of attr values can be specified. Possible attr values
are:

00

All attributes off (default terminal color)

01

Display text in bold

04

Display text with an underscore

05

Display text in bold

07

Display text with foreground and background colors reversed

08

Display using concealed text.

One of the following values can be chosen. If multiple values are
specified, the last specified value is used.

30

Set foreground to black.

31

Set foreground to red.

32

Set foreground to green.

33

Set foreground to yellow.

34

Set foreground to blue.

35

Set foreground to magenta (purple).

Set foreground to .

36

Set foreground to cyan.

37

Set foreground to white.

39

Set foreground to default terminal color.

One of the following can be specified. If multiple values are
specified, the last value specified is used.

40

Set foreground to black.

41

Set foreground to red.

42

Set foreground to green.

43

Set foreground to yellow.

44

Set foreground to blue.

45

Set foreground to magenta (purple).

46

Set foreground to cyan.

47

Set foreground to white.

49

Set foreground to default terminal color.

On some terminals, setting the bold attribute causes the foreground
colors to be high-intensity, that is, brighter. In such cases the
low-intensity yellow is often displayed as a brown or orange color.

At least one attribute must be listed for a file specification.

The appropriate color codes are chosen by selecting the most specific
match, starting with the file suffixes and proceeding with the file
types until a match is found. The no (normal file) type matches any
file.

OPTIONS

The following options are supported:

/usr/bin/ls, /usr/xpg4/bin/ls, and /usr/xpg6/bin/ls
The following options are supported for all three versions:

-a
--all

Lists all entries, including those that begin with a dot (.),
which are normally not listed.

-A
--almost-all

Lists all entries, including those that begin with a dot (.),
with the exception of the working directory (.) and the parent
directory (..).

-b
--escape

Forces printing of non-printable characters to be in the octal
\ddd notation.

-B
--ignore-backups

Do not display any files ending with a tilde (~).

-c

Uses time of last modification of the i-node (file created, mode
changed, and so forth) for sorting (-t) or printing (-l or -n).

-C

Multi-column output with entries sorted down the columns. This is
the default output format.

-d

If an argument is a directory, lists only its name (not its
contents). Often used with -l to get the status of a directory.

-e

The same as -l, except displays time to the second, and with one
format for all files regardless of age: mmm dd hh:mm:ss yyyy.

-E

The same as -l, except displays time to the nanosecond and with
one format for all files regardless of age: yyyy-mm-dd
hh:mm:ss.nnnnnnnnn (ISO 8601:2000 format).

In addition, this option displays the offset from UTC in ISO
8601:2000 standard format (+hhmm or -hhmm) or no characters if
the offset is indeterminable. The offset reflects the appropriate
standard or alternate offset in force at the file's displayed
date and time, under the current timezone.

-f

Forces each argument to be interpreted as a directory and list
the name found in each slot. This option turns off -l, -t, -s,
-S, and -r, and turns on -a. The order is the order in which
entries appear in the directory.

-F
--classify

Append a symbol after certain types of files to indicate the file
type. The following symbols are used:

/

Directory

>

Door file

|

Named pipe (FIFO)

@

Symbolic link

=

Socket

*

Executable

-g

The same as -l, except that the owner is not printed.

-h
--human-readable

All sizes are scaled to a human readable format, for example,
14K, 234M, 2.7G, or 3.0T. Scaling is done by repetitively
dividing by 1024. The last --si or -h option determines the
divisor used.

-H
--dereference-command-line

If an argument is a symbolic link that references a directory,
this option evaluates the file information and file type of the
directory that the link references, rather than those of the link
itself. However, the name of the link is displayed, rather than
the referenced directory.

-i
--inode

For each file, prints the i-node number in the first column of
the report.

-k

All sizes are printed in kbytes. Equivalent to --block-size=1024.

-l

Lists in long format, giving mode, ACL indication, number of
links, owner, group, size in bytes, and time of last modification
for each file (see above). If the file is a special file, the
size field instead contains the major and minor device numbers.
If the time of last modification is greater than six months ago,
it is shown in the format `month date year' for the POSIX locale.
When the LC_TIME locale category is not set to the POSIX locale,
a different format of the time field can be used. Files modified
within six months show `month date time'. If the file is a
symbolic link, the filename is printed followed by "->" and the
path name of the referenced file.

-L
--dereference

If an argument is a symbolic link, this option evaluates the file
information and file type of the file or directory that the link
references, rather than those of the link itself. However, the
name of the link is displayed, rather than the referenced file or
directory.

-m

Streams output format. Files are listed across the page,
separated by commas.

-n
--numeric-uid-gid

The same as -l, except that the owner's UID and group's GID
numbers are printed, rather than the associated character
strings. For files which owner and/or group is a Windows Security
Identifier (SID), -n suppresses any lookups for the Windows Name
string and prints only the raw SID. Moreover, a second instance
of this flag (-nn) can be used to further suppress idmapd(8)
lookups of the file's owner and/or group SID, thus forcing ls
into printing the raw ephemeral numeric identifiers.

-o
--no-group

The same as -l, except that the group is not printed.

-p

Puts a slash (/) after each filename if the file is a directory.

-q
--hide-control-chars

Forces printing of non-printable characters in file names as the
character question mark (?).

-r
--reverse

Reverses the order of sort to get reverse alphabetic, oldest
first, or smallest file size first as appropriate.

-R
--recursive

Recursively lists subdirectories encountered.

-s
--size

Indicate the total number of file system blocks consumed by each
file displayed.

-S

Sort by file size (in decreasing order) and for files with the
same size by file name (in increasing alphabetic order) instead
of just by name.

-t

Sorts by time stamp (latest first) instead of by name. The
default is the last modification time. See -c, -u and -%.

-u

Uses time of last access instead of last modification for sorting
(with the -t option) or printing (with the -l option).

-U

Output is unsorted.

-v

The same as -l, except that verbose ACL information is displayed
as well as the -l output. ACL information is displayed even if
the file or directory doesn't have an ACL.

-V

The same as -l, except that compact ACL information is displayed
after the -l output.

The -V option is only applicable to file systems that support
NFSv4 ACLs, such as the Solaris ZFS file system.

The format of the displayed ACL is as follows:

entry_type : permissions : inheritance_flags : access_type

entry_type is displayed as one of the following:

user:username

Additional user access for username.

group:groupname

Additional group access for group groupname.

owner@

File owner.

group@

File group owner.

everyone@

Everyone access, including file owner and file group owner.
This is not equivalent to the POSIX other class.

The following permissions, supported by the NFSv4 ACL model, are
displayed by using the -v or -V options:

read_data (r)

Permission to read the data of a file.

list_directory (r)

Permission to list the contents of a directory.

write_data (w)

Permission to modify a file's data. anywhere in the file's
offset range.

add_file (w)

Permission to add a new file to a directory.

append_data (p)

The ability to modify a file's data, but only starting at
EOF.

add_subdirectory (p)

Permission to create a subdirectory to a directory.

read_xattr (R)

Ability to read the extended attributes of a file.

write_xattr (W)

Ability to create extended attributes or write to the
extended attribute directory.

execute (x)

Permission to execute a file.

read_attributes (a)

The ability to read basic attributes (non-ACLs) of a file.

write_attributes (A)

Permission to change the times associated with a file or
directory to an arbitrary value.

delete (d)

Permission to delete a file.

delete_child (D)

Permission to delete a file within a directory.

read_acl (c)

Permission to read the ACL of a file.

write_acl (C)

Permission to write the ACL of a file.

write_owner (o)

Permission to change the owner of a file.

synchronize (s)

Permission to access file locally at server with synchronize
reads and writes.

-

No permission granted

The following inheritance flags, supported by the NFSv4 ACL
model, are displayed by using the -v or -V options:

file_inherit (f)

Inherit to all newly created files.

dir_inherit (d)

Inherit to all newly created directories.

inherit_only (i)

When placed on a directory, do not apply to the directory,
only to newly created files and directories. This flag
requires that either file_inherit and or dir_inherit is also
specified.

no_propagate (n)

Indicates that ACL entries should be inherited to objects in
a directory, but inheritance should stop after descending one
level. This flag is dependent upon either file_inherit and or
dir_inherit also being specified.

successful_access (S)

Indicates whether an alarm or audit record should be
initiated upon successful accesses. Used with audit/alarm ACE
types.

failed_access (F)

Indicates whether an alarm or audit record should be
initiated when access fails. Used with audit/alarm ACE types.

inherited (I)

ACE was inherited.

-

No permission granted.

access_type is displayed as one of the following types:

alarm
Permission field that specifies permissions that should
trigger an alarm.

allow
Permission field that specifies allow permissions.

audit
Permission field that specifies permissions that should
be audited.

deny
Permission field that specifies deny permissions.

For example:

$ ls -dV /sandbox/dir.1
drwxr-xr-x+ 2 root root 2 Jan 17 15:09 dir.1
user:marks:r-------------:fd-----:allow
owner@:--------------:-------:deny
owner@:rwxp---A-W-Co-:-------:allow
group@:-w-p----------:-------:deny
group@:r-x-----------:-------:allow
everyone@:-w-p---A-W-Co-:-------:deny
everyone@:r-x---a-R-c--s:-------:allow
$
||||||||||||||||:||||||+ inherited access
||||||||||||||:||||||+ failed access
||||||||||||||:|||||+--success access
||||||||||||||:||||+-- no propagate
||||||||||||||:|||+--- inherit only
||||||||||||||:||+---- directory inherit
||||||||||||||:|+----- file inherit
||||||||||||||
||||||||||||||+ sync
|||||||||||||+- change owner
||||||||||||+-- write ACL
|||||||||||+--- read ACL
||||||||||+---- write extended attributes
|||||||||+----- read extended attributes
||||||||+------ write attributes
|||||||+------- read attributes
||||||+-------- delete child
|||||+--------- delete
||||+---------- append
|||+----------- execute
||+------------ write data
|+------------- read data

-w cols
--width cols

Multi-column output where the column width is forced to cols.

-x

Multi-column output with entries sorted across rather than down
the page.

-1

Prints one entry per line of output.

-@

The same as -l, except that extended attribute information
overrides ACL information. An @ is displayed after the file
permission bits for files that have extended attributes.

-/ c | v

The same as -l, and in addition displays the extended system
attributes associated with the file when extended system
attributes are fully supported by the underlying file system. The
option -/ supports two option arguments c (compact mode) and v
(verbose mode).

appendonly

Allows a file to be modified only at offset EOF. Attempts to
modify a file at a location other than EOF fails with EPERM.

archive

Indicates if a file has been modified since it was last
backed up. Whenever the modification time (mtime) of a file
is changed the archive attribute is set.

av_modified

ZFS sets the anti-virus attribute which whenever a file's
content or size changes or when the file is renamed.

av_quarantined

Anti-virus software sets to mark a file as quarantined.

crtime

Timestamp when a file is created.

hidden

Marks a file as hidden.

immutable

Prevents the content of a file from being modified. Also
prevents all metadata changes, except for access time
updates. When placed on a directory, prevents the deletion
and creation of files in the directories. Attempts to modify
the content of a file or directory marked as immutable fail
with EPERM. Attempts to modify any attributes (with the
exception of access time and, with the proper privileges, the
immutable) of a file marked as immutable fails with EPERM.

nodump

Solaris systems have no special semantics for this attribute.

nounlink

Prevents a file from being deleted. On a directory, the
attribute also prevents any changes to the contents of the
directory. That is, no files within the directory can be
removed or renamed. The errno EPERM is returned when
attempting to unlink or rename files and directories that are
marked as nounlink.

offline

Indicate that a file is offline. Solaris systems have no
special semantics for this attribute.

readonly

Marks a file as readonly. Once a file is marked as readonly
the content data of the file cannot be modified. Other
metadata for the file can still be modified.

sparse

Indicate that a file can be interpreted as sparse. It does
not indicate that the file is actually sparse or not. The
sparse attribute is cleared when the file is truncated to
zero length. Solaris systems have no other special semantics
for this attribute.

system

Solaris systems have no special semantics for this attribute.

The display characters used in compact mode (-/ c) are as follows:

Attribute Name Display
archive A
hidden H
readonly R
system S
appendonly a
nodump d
immutable i
av_modified m
av_quarantined q
nounlink u
offline O
sparse s

The display in verbose mode (-/ v) uses full attribute names when it
is set and the name prefixed by 'no' when it is not set.

The attribute name crtime and all other timestamps are handled by the
option -% with the respective timestamp option arguments and also
with all option argument. The display positions are as follows: The
display in verbose mode (-/ v) uses full attribute names when it is
set and the name prefixed by no when it is not set. The attribute
name crtime and all other timestamps are handled by the option -%
with the respective timestamp option arguments and also with all
option argument.

The display positions are as follows:

{||||||||||||}
|||||||||||+- s (sparse)
||||||||||+-- O (offline)
|||||||||+--- u (nounlink)
||||||||+---- q (av_quarantined)
|||||||+----- m (av_modified)
||||||+------ i (immutable)
|||||+------- d (nodump)
||||+-------- a (appendonly)
|||+--------- S (system)
||+---------- R (readonly)
|+----------- H (hidden)
+------------ A (archive)

-% atime | crtime | ctime | mtime | all

atime

Equivalent to -u.

crtime

Uses the creation time of the file for sorting or printing.

ctime

Equivalent to -c.

mtime

Uses the last modification time of the file contents for sorting
or printing.

If extended system attributes are not supported or if the user does
not have read permission on the file or if the crtime extended
attribute is not set, crtime is treated as a synonym for mtime.

When option argument all is specified, all available timestamps are
printed which includes atime, ctime, mtime and on the extended system
attribute supporting file systems, crtime (create time). The option
-% all does not effect which timestamp is displayed in long format
and does not affect sorting.

--block-size size

Display sizes in multiples of size. Size can be scaled by
suffixing one of YyZzEePpTtGgMmKk. Additionally, a B can be
placed at the end to indicate powers of 10 instead of 2. For
example, . 10mB means blocks of 10000000 bytes while 10m means
blocks of 10*2^20 -- 10485760 -- bytes. This is mutually
exclusive with the -h option.

--color [=when]
--colour[=when]

Display filenames using color on color-capable terminals. when is
an optional argument that determines when to display color
output.

Possible values for when are:

always
yes
force

Always use color.

auto
tty
if-tty

Use color if a terminal is present.

no
never
none

Never use color. This is the default

See COLOR OUTPUT for information on how to control the output
colors.

--file-type

Display a suffix after a file depending on its type, similar to
the -F option, except * is not appended to executable files.

-si
--

Display human scaled sizes similar to the -h option, except
values are repeatedly divided by 1000 instead of 1024. The last
option --si or -h determines the divisor used.

--time-style style

Display times using the specified style. This does not effect the
times displayed for extended attributes (-%).

Possible values for style are:

full-iso

Equivalent to -E.

long-iso

Display in YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM for all files.

iso

Display older files using YYYY-MM-DD and newer files with MM-
DD HH:MM.

locale

Use the default locale format for old and new files. This is
the default.

+FORMAT

Use a custom format. Values are the same as described in
strftime(3C). If a NEWLINE appears in the string, the first
line is used for older files and the second line is used for
newer files. Otherwise, the given format is used for all
files.

/usr/bin/ls
-F

Marks directories with a trailing slash (/), doors with a
trailing greater-than sign (>), executable files with a trailing
asterisk (*), FIFOs with a trailing vertical bar (|), symbolic
links with a trailing "at" sign (@), and AF_UNIX address family
sockets with a trailing equals sign (=). Follows symlinks named
as operands.

--file-type

Marks entries as with -F with the exception of executable files.
Executable files are not marked. Follows symlinks named as
operands.

Specifying more than one of the options in the following mutually
exclusive pairs is not considered an error: -C and -l (ell), -m and
-l (ell), -x and -l (ell), -@ and -l (ell). The -l option overrides
the other option specified in each pair.

Specifying more than one of the options in the following mutually
exclusive groups is not considered an error: -C and -1 (one), -H and
-L, -c and -u, and -e and -E, and -t and -S. The last option
specifying a specific timestamp (-c, -u, -% atime , -% crtime, -%
ctime, and -% mtime) determines the timestamps used for sorting or in
long format listings. The last option -t, -S, or -U determines the
sorting behavior.

/usr/xpg4/bin/ls
-F

Marks directories with a trailing slash (/), doors with a
trailing greater-than sign (>), executable files with a trailing
asterisk (*), FIFOs with a trailing vertical bar (|), symbolic
links with a trailing "at" sign (@), and AF_UNIX address family
sockets with a trailing equals sign (=). Follows symlinks named
as operands.

--file-type

Marks entries as with -F with the exception of executable files.
Executable files are not marked. Follows symlinks named as
operands.

Specifying more than one of the options in the following groups of
mutually exclusive options is not considered an error: -C and -l
(ell), -m and -l (ell), -x and -l (ell), -@ and -l (ell), -C and -1
(one), -H and -L, -c and -u, -e and -E, -t and -S and -U. The last
option specifying a specific timestamp (-c, -u, -% atime , -% crtime,
-% ctime, and -% mtime) determines the timestamps used for sorting or
in long format listings. The last -t, -S, or -U option determines the
sorting behavior.

/usr/xpg6/bin/ls
-F

Marks directories with a trailing slash (/), doors with a
trailing greater-than sign (>), executable files with a trailing
asterisk (*), FIFOs with a trailing vertical bar (|), symbolic
links with a trailing "at" sign (@), and AF_UNIX address family
sockets with a trailing equals sign (=). Does not follow symlinks
named as operands unless the -H or -L option is specified.

--file-type

Marks entries as with -F with the exception of executable files.
Executable files are not marked. Does not follow symlinks named
as operands unless the -H or -L option is specified.

Specifying more than one of the options in the following mutually
exclusive pairs is not considered an error: -C and -l (ell), m and
-l(ell), -x and -l (ell), -@ and -l (ell), -C and -1 (one), -H and
--L, -c and -u, -e and -E, -t and -S and -U. The last option
specifying a specific timestamp (-c, -u, -% atime , -% crtime, -%
ctime, and -% mtime) determines the timestamps used for sorting or in
long format listings. The last -t, -S, or -U option determines the
sorting behavior.

OPERANDS

The following operand is supported:

file

A path name of a file to be written. If the file specified is not
found, a diagnostic message is output on standard error.

USAGE

See largefile(7) for the description of the behavior of ls when
encountering files greater than or equal to 2 Gbyte ( 2^31 bytes).

EXAMPLES

Example 1: Viewing File Permissions

The following example shows how to display detailed information about
a file.

% ls -l file.1
-rw-r--r-- 1 gozer staff 206663 Mar 14 10:15 file.1

The permissions string above (-rw-r--r--) describes that the file
owner has read and write permissions, the owning group has read
permissions, and others have read permissions.

The following example shows how to display detailed information about
a directory.

% ls -ld test.dir
drwxr-xr-x 2 gozer staff 2 Mar 14 10:17 test.dir

The permissions string above (drwxr-xr-x) describes that the
directory owner has read, write, and search permissions, the owning
group has read and search permissions, and others have read and
search permissions.

Another example of listing file permissions is as follows:

% ls -l file.2
-rw-rwl--- 1 gozer staff 206663 Mar 14 10:47 file.2

The permissions string above (-rw-rwl---) describes that the file
owner has read and write permissions, the owning group has read and
write permissions, and the file can be locked during access.

Example 2: Displaying ACL Information on Files and Directories

The following example shows how to display verbose ACL information on
a ZFS file.

% ls -v file.1
-rw-r--r-- 1 marks staff 206663 Mar 14 10:15 file.1
0:owner@:execute:deny
1:owner@:read_data/write_data/append_data/write_xattr/write_attributes
/write_acl/write_owner:allow
2:group@:write_data/append_data/execute:deny
3:group@:read_data:allow
4:everyone@:write_data/append_data/write_xattr/execute/write_attributes
/write_acl/write_owner:deny
5:everyone@:read_data/read_xattr/read_attributes/read_acl/synchronize
:allow

The following example shows how to display compact ACL information on
a ZFS directory.

% ls -dV test.dir
drwxr-xr-x 2 marks staff 2 Mar 14 10:17 test.dir
owner@:--------------:------:deny
owner@:rwxp---A-W-Co-:------:allow
group@:-w-p----------:------:deny
group@:r-x-----------:------:allow
everyone@:-w-p---A-W-Co-:------:deny
everyone@:r-x---a-R-c--s:------:allow

The following example illustrates the ls -v behavior when listing ACL
information on a UFS file.

$ ls -v file.3
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2703 Mar 14 10:59 file.3
0:user::rw-
1:group::r-- #effective:r--
2:mask:r--
3:other:r--

Example 3: Printing the Names of All Files

The following example prints the names of all files in the current
directory, including those that begin with a dot (.), which normally
do not print:

example% ls -a

Example 4: Providing File Information

The following example provides file information:

example% ls -aisn

This command provides information on all files, including those that
begin with a dot (a), the i-number, the memory address of the i-node
associated with the file--printed in the left-hand column (i); the
size (in blocks) of the files, printed in the column to the right of
the i-numbers (s); finally, the report is displayed in the numeric
version of the long list, printing the UID (instead of user name) and
GID (instead of group name) numbers associated with the files.

When the sizes of the files in a directory are listed, a total count
of blocks, including indirect blocks, is printed.

Example 5: Providing Extended System Attributes Information

example% ls -/ c file (extended system attribute in compact mode)
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 10 14:17 file
{AHRSadim-u--}

In this example, av_quarantined, offline, and sparse are not set.

example% ls -/ v file (extended system attribute in verbose mode)
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 10 14:17 file
{archive,hidden,readonly,system,\
appendonly,nodump,immutable,av_modified,\
noav_quarantined,nounlink,nooffline,\
nosparse}

example% ls -/ v file (no extended system attribute)
-rw-r--r-- 1 root staff 0 May 16 14:48 file
{}

example% ls -/ c file (extended system attribute
supported file system)

-rw-r--r-- 1 root staff 3 Jun 4 22:04 file
{A------m----}

archive and av_modified attributes are set by default on an extended
system attribute supported file.

example% ls -/ c -%crtime file

-rw-r--r-- root root 0 May 10 14:17 file
{AHRSadim-u--}

This example displays the timestamp as the creation time:

example% ls -l -%all file
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 10 14:17 file
timestamp: atime Jun 14 08:47:37 2007
timestamp: ctime May 10 14:20:23 2007
timestamp: mtime May 10 14:17:56 2007
timestamp: crtime May 10 14:17:56 2007

example% ls -%crtime -tl file*

-rw-r--r-- 1 foo staff 3 Jun 4 22:04 file1
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 May 10 14:17 file
-rw-r--r-- 1 foo staff 0 May 9 13:49 file.1

In this example the files are sorted by creation time.

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

See environ(7) for descriptions of the following environment
variables that affect the execution of ls: LANG, LC_ALL, LC_COLLATE,
LC_CTYPE, LC_TIME, LC_MESSAGES, NLSPATH, and TZ.

COLUMNS

Determines the user's preferred column position width for writing
multiple text-column output. If this variable contains a string
representing a decimal integer, the ls utility calculates how
many path name text columns to write (see -C) based on the width
provided. If COLUMNS is not set or is invalid, 80 is used. The
column width chosen to write the names of files in any given
directory is constant. File names are not be truncated to fit
into the multiple text-column output.

LS_COLORS

Determines the coloring scheme used when displaying color output.
If not set and color output is specified, a default scheme is
used. If TERM is not set, no color output is used.

TERM

Determine the terminal type. If this variable is unset or NULL,
no color output is generated regardless of the value of the
--color option.

EXIT STATUS

0
All information was written successfully.

>0
An error occurred.

FILES

/etc/group

group IDs for ls -l and ls -g

/etc/passwd

user IDs for ls -l and ls -o

/usr/share/lib/terminfo/?/*

terminal information database

ATTRIBUTES

See attributes(7) for descriptions of the following attributes:

/usr/bin/ls

+--------------------+-----------------+
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
+--------------------+-----------------+
|CSI | Enabled |
+--------------------+-----------------+
|Interface Stability | Committed |
+--------------------+-----------------+
|Standard | See below. |
+--------------------+-----------------+

For all options except -A, -b, -e, -E, -h, -S, U -v, -V, -@, -/, -%,
--all, --almost-all, --block-size, --classify, --color, --colour,
--dereference, --dereference-command-line, --escape, --file-type,
--full-time, --human-readable, --ignore-backups, --inode, --no-group,
--numeric-uid-gid, --reverse, --recursive, --si, --size, and --time-
style, see standards(7).

/usr/xpg4/bin/ls

+--------------------+-----------------+
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
+--------------------+-----------------+
|CSI | Enabled |
+--------------------+-----------------+
|Interface Stability | Committed |
+--------------------+-----------------+
|Standard | See below. |
+--------------------+-----------------+

For all options except -A, -b, -e, -E, -h, -S, U -v, -V, -@, -/, -%,
--all, --almost-all, --block-size, --classify, --color, --colour,
--dereference, --dereference-command-line, --escape, --file-type,
--full-time, --human-readable, --ignore-backups, --inode, --no-group,
--numeric-uid-gid, --reverse, --recursive, --si, --size, and --time-
style, see standards(7).

/usr/xpg6/bin/ls

+--------------------+-----------------+
| ATTRIBUTE TYPE | ATTRIBUTE VALUE |
+--------------------+-----------------+
|CSI | Enabled |
+--------------------+-----------------+
|Interface Stability | Committed |
+--------------------+-----------------+
|Standard | See below. |
+--------------------+-----------------+

For all options except -A, -b, -e, -E, -h, -S, U -v, -V, -@, -/, -%,
--all, --almost-all, --block-size, --classify, --color, --colour,
--dereference, --dereference-command-line, --escape, --file-type,
--full-time, --human-readable, --ignore-backups, --inode, --no-group,
--numeric-uid-gid, --reverse, --recursive, --si, --size, and --time-
style, see standards(7).

NOTES

Unprintable characters in file names can confuse the columnar output
options.

The total block count is incorrect if there are hard links among the
files.

The sort order of ls output is affected by the locale and can be
overridden by the LC_COLLATE environment variable. For example, if
LC_COLLATE equals C, dot files appear first, followed by names
beginning with upper-case letters, then followed by names beginning
with lower-case letters. But if LC_COLLATE equals en_US.ISO8859-1,
then leading dots as well as case are ignored in determining the sort
order.

For additional information regarding Windows Security Identifiers,
consult Microsoft support document, Well-known security identifiers
in Windows operating systems, which can be found at Microsoft's
support site: https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/kb/243330/.

April 25, 2020 LS(1)