TWM(1) User Commands TWM(1)
NAME
twm - Tab Window Manager for the X Window System
SYNTAX
twm [
options ]
DESCRIPTION
Twm is a window manager for the X Window System. It provides
titlebars, shaped windows, several forms of icon management, user-
defined macro functions, click-to-type and pointer-driven keyboard
focus, and user-specified key and pointer button bindings.
This program is usually started by the user's session manager or
startup script. When used from
xdm(1) or
xinit(1) without a session
manager,
twm is frequently executed in the foreground as the last
client. When run this way, exiting
twm causes the session to be
terminated (i.e., logged out).
By default, application windows are surrounded by a "frame" with a
titlebar at the top and a special border around the window. The
titlebar contains the window's name, a rectangle that is lit when the
window is receiving keyboard input, and function boxes known as
"titlebuttons" at the left and right edges of the titlebar.
Pressing pointer Button1 (usually the left-most button unless it has
been changed with
xmodmap) on a titlebutton will invoke the function
associated with the button. In the default interface, windows are
iconified by clicking (pressing and then immediately releasing) the
left titlebutton (which looks like a Dot). Conversely, windows are
deiconified by clicking in the associated icon or entry in the icon
manager (see description of the variable
ShowIconManager and of the
function
f.showiconmgr).
Windows are resized by pressing the right titlebutton (which
resembles a group of nested squares), dragging the pointer over edge
that is to be moved, and releasing the pointer when the outline of
the window is the desired size. Similarly, windows are moved by
pressing in the title or highlight region, dragging a window outline
to the new location, and then releasing when the outline is in the
desired position. Just clicking in the title or highlight region
raises the window without moving it.
When new windows are created,
twm will honor any size and location
information requested by the user (usually through
-geometry command
line argument or resources for the individual applications).
Otherwise, an outline of the window's default size, its titlebar, and
lines dividing the window into a 3x3 grid that track the pointer are
displayed. Clicking pointer Button1 will position the window at the
current position and give it the default size. Pressing pointer
Button2 (usually the middle pointer button) and dragging the outline
will give the window its current position but allow the sides to be
resized as described above. Clicking pointer Button3 (usually the
right pointer button) will give the window its current position but
attempt to make it long enough to touch the bottom the screen.
OPTIONS
Twm accepts several command line options, which may be abbreviated,
e.g., "
-d" for "
-display" (but upper/lower-case are different):
-clientId ID Each time
twm starts, it calls
SmcOpenConnection to establish
a new session. It can be told to restart from a previous
session by giving the previous session's client-identifier.
-display dpy Specify the X server to use.
-file filename Specify the name of the startup file to use. By default,
twm will look in the user's home directory for files named
.twmrc.num (where
num is a screen number) or
.twmrc.
-quiet Tells
twm that it should not print error messages when it
receives unexpected X Error events.
Besides X Error events,
twm also reports its own warnings.
The
-quiet option suppresses those.
-restore filename When
twm's session is stopped, it attempts to save the
current window configuration. Use this option to tell
twm to
read this file for that information when starting (or
restarting) a session.
-single Tells
twm that only the default screen (as specified by
-display or by the
DISPLAY environment variable) should be
managed. By default,
twm will attempt to manage all screens
on the display.
-verbose Tells
twm that it should print error messages whenever it
receives an unexpected X Error event. This can be useful
when debugging applications but can be distracting in regular
use.
The
-verbose and
-quiet options increment and decrement the
message level, cancelling each other.
-V Tell
twm to print its version to the standard output, and
exit.
CUSTOMIZATION
Much of
twm's appearance and behavior can be controlled by providing
a startup file in one of the following locations (searched in order
for each screen being managed when
twm begins):
$HOME/.twmrc.screennumber The
screennumber is a small positive number (e.g., 0, 1,
etc.) representing the screen number (e.g., the last number
in the DISPLAY environment variable
host:displaynum.screennum) that would be used to contact that
screen of the display. This is intended for displays with
multiple screens of differing visual types.
$HOME/.twmrc This is the usual name for an individual user's startup file.
/usr/share/X11/twm/system.twmrc If neither of the preceding files are found,
twm will look in
this file for a default configuration. This is often
tailored by the site administrator to provide convenient
menus or familiar bindings for novice users.
If no startup files are found,
twm will use the built-in defaults
described above. The only resource used by
twm is
bitmapFilePath for
a colon-separated list of directories to search when looking for
bitmap files (for more information, see the
Athena Widgets manual and
xrdb(1)).
Twm startup files are logically broken up into three types of
specifications:
Variables,
Bindings,
Menus. The
Variables section
must come first and is used to describe the fonts, colors, cursors,
border widths, icon and window placement, highlighting, autoraising,
layout of titles, warping, use of the icon manager. The
Bindings section usually comes second and is used to specify the functions
that should be to be invoked when keyboard and pointer buttons are
pressed in windows, icons, titles, and frames. The
Menus section
gives any user-defined menus (containing functions to be invoked or
commands to be executed).
Variable names and keywords are case-insensitive. Strings must be
surrounded by double quote characters (e.g., "blue") and are case-
sensitive. A pound sign (#) outside of a string causes the remainder
of the line in which the character appears to be treated as a
comment.
VARIABLES
Many of the aspects of
twm's user interface are controlled by
variables that may be set in the user's startup file. Some of the
options are enabled or disabled simply by the presence of a
particular keyword. Other options require keywords, numbers,
strings, or lists of all of these.
Lists are surrounded by braces and are usually separated by
whitespace or a newline. For example:
AutoRaise { "emacs" "XTerm" "Xmh" }
or
AutoRaise {
"emacs"
"XTerm"
"Xmh"
}
When a variable containing a list of strings representing windows is
searched (e.g., to determine whether or not to enable autoraise as
shown above), a string must be an exact, case-sensitive match to the
window's name (given by the WM_NAME window property), resource name
or class name (both given by the WM_CLASS window property). The
preceding example would enable autoraise on windows named "emacs" as
well as any
xterm (since they are of class "XTerm") or xmh windows
(which are of class "Xmh").
String arguments that are interpreted as filenames (see the
Pixmaps,
Cursors, and
IconDirectory below) will prepend the user's directory
(specified by the
HOME environment variable) if the first character
is a tilde (~). If, instead, the first character is a colon (:), the
name is assumed to refer to one of the internal bitmaps that are used
to create the default titlebars symbols:
:xlogo or
:delete (both
refer to the X logo),
:dot or
:iconify (both refer to the dot),
:resize (the nested squares used by the resize button),
:menu (a page
with lines), and
:question (the question mark used for non-existent
bitmap files).
The following variables may be specified at the top of a
twm startup
file. Lists of Window name prefix strings are indicated by
win-list.
Optional arguments are shown in square brackets:
AutoRaise {
win-list }
This variable specifies a list of windows that should
automatically be raised whenever the pointer enters the
window. This action can be interactively enabled or disabled
on individual windows using the function
f.autoraise.
AutoRelativeResize This variable indicates that dragging out a window size
(either when initially sizing the window with pointer Button2
or when resizing it) should not wait until the pointer has
crossed the window edges. Instead, moving the pointer
automatically causes the nearest edge or edges to move by the
same amount. This allows the resizing of windows that extend
off the edge of the screen. If the pointer is in the center
of the window, or if the resize is begun by pressing a
titlebutton,
twm will still wait for the pointer to cross a
window edge (to prevent accidents). This option is
particularly useful for people who like the press-drag-
release method of sweeping out window sizes.
BorderColor string [{
wincolorlist }]
This variable specifies the default color of the border to be
placed around all non-iconified windows, and may only be
given within a
Color,
Grayscale or
Monochrome list. The
optional
wincolorlist specifies a list of window and color
name pairs for specifying particular border colors for
different types of windows. For example:
BorderColor "gray50"
{
"XTerm" "red"
"xmh" "green"
}
The default is "black".
BorderTileBackground string [{
wincolorlist }]
This variable specifies the default background color in the
gray pattern used in unhighlighted borders (only if
NoHighlight hasn't been set), and may only be given within a
Color,
Grayscale or
Monochrome list. The optional
wincolorlist allows per-window colors to be specified. The
default is "white".
BorderTileForeground string [{
wincolorlist }]
This variable specifies the default foreground color in the
gray pattern used in unhighlighted borders (only if
NoHighlight hasn't been set), and may only be given within a
Color,
Grayscale or
Monochrome list. The optional
wincolorlist allows per-window colors to be specified. The
default is "black".
BorderWidth pixels This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border
surrounding all client window frames if
ClientBorderWidth has
not been specified. This value is also used to set the
border size of windows created by
twm (such as the icon
manager). The default is 2.
ButtonIndent pixels This variable specifies the amount by which titlebuttons
should be indented on all sides. Positive values cause the
buttons to be smaller than the window text and highlight area
so that they stand out. Setting this and the
TitleButtonBorderWidth variables to 0 makes titlebuttons be
as tall and wide as possible. The default is 1.
ClientBorderWidth This variable indicates that border width of a window's frame
should be set to the initial border width of the window,
rather than to the value of
BorderWidth.
Color {
colors-list }
This variable specifies a list of color assignments to be
made if the default display is capable of displaying more
than simple black and white. The
colors-list is made up of
the following color variables and their values:
DefaultBackground,
DefaultForeground,
MenuBackground,
MenuForeground,
MenuTitleBackground,
MenuTitleForeground,
MenuShadowColor,
MenuBorderColor,
PointerForeground, and
PointerBackground. The following color variables may also be
given a list of window and color name pairs to allow per-
window colors to be specified (see
BorderColor for details):
BorderColor,
IconManagerHighlight,
BorderTitleBackground,
BorderTitleForeground,
TitleBackground,
TitleForeground,
IconBackground,
IconForeground,
IconBorderColor,
IconManagerBackground, and
IconManagerForeground. For
example:
Color {
MenuBackground "gray50"
MenuForeground "blue"
BorderColor "red" { "XTerm" "yellow" }
TitleForeground "yellow"
TitleBackground "blue"
}
All of these color variables may also be specified for the
Monochrome variable, allowing the same initialization file to
be used on both color and monochrome displays.
ConstrainedMoveTime milliseconds This variable specifies the length of time between button
clicks needed to begin a constrained move operation. Double
clicking within this amount of time when invoking
f.move will
cause the window to be moved only in a horizontal or vertical
direction. Setting this value to 0 will disable constrained
moves. The default is 400 milliseconds.
Cursors {
cursor-list }
This variable specifies the glyphs that
twm should use for
various pointer cursors. Each cursor may be defined either
from the
cursor font or from two bitmap files. Shapes from
the
cursor font may be specified directly as:
cursorname "
string"
where
cursorname is one of the cursor names listed below, and
string is the name of a glyph as found in the file
/usr/include/X11/cursorfont.h (without the "XC_" prefix). If
the cursor is to be defined from bitmap files, the following
syntax is used instead:
cursorname "
image" "
mask"
The
image and
mask strings specify the names of files
containing the glyph image and mask in
bitmap(1) form. The
bitmap files are located in the same manner as icon bitmap
files. The following example shows the default cursor
definitions:
Cursors {
Frame "top_left_arrow"
Title "top_left_arrow"
Icon "top_left_arrow"
IconMgr "top_left_arrow"
Move "fleur"
Resize "fleur"
Menu "sb_left_arrow"
Button "hand2"
Wait "watch"
Select "dot"
Destroy "pirate"
}
DecorateTransients This variable indicates that transient windows (those
containing a WM_TRANSIENT_FOR property) should have
titlebars. By default, transients are not reparented.
DefaultBackground string This variable specifies the background color to be used for
sizing and information windows. The default is "white".
DefaultForeground string This variable specifies the foreground color to be used for
sizing and information windows. The default is "black".
DontIconifyByUnmapping {
win-list }
This variable specifies a list of windows that should not be
iconified by simply unmapping the window (as would be the
case if
IconifyByUnmapping had been set). This is frequently
used to force some windows to be treated as icons while other
windows are handled by the icon manager.
DontMoveOff This variable indicates that windows should not be allowed to
be moved off the screen. It can be overridden by the
f.forcemove function.
DontSqueezeTitle [{
win-list }]
This variable indicates that titlebars should not be squeezed
to their minimum size as described under
SqueezeTitle below.
If the optional window list is supplied, only those windows
will be prevented from being squeezed.
ForceIcons This variable indicates that icon pixmaps specified in the
Icons variable should override any client-supplied pixmaps.
FramePadding pixels This variable specifies the distance between the titlebar
decorations (the button and text) and the window frame. The
default is 2 pixels.
Grayscale {
colors }
This variable specifies a list of color assignments that
should be made if the screen has a GrayScale default visual.
See the description of
Colors.
IconBackground string [{
win-list }]
This variable specifies the background color of icons, and
may only be specified inside of a
Color,
Grayscale or
Monochrome list. The optional
win-list is a list of window
names and colors so that per-window colors may be specified.
See the
BorderColor variable for a complete description of
the
win-list. The default is "white".
IconBorderColor string [{
win-list }]
This variable specifies the color of the border used for icon
windows, and may only be specified inside of a
Color,
Grayscale or
Monochrome list. The optional
win-list is a
list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may
be specified. See the
BorderColor variable for a complete
description of the
win-list. The default is "black".
IconBorderWidth pixels This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border
surrounding icon windows. The default is 2.
IconDirectory string This variable specifies the directory that should be searched
if a bitmap file cannot be found in any of the directories in
the
bitmapFilePath resource.
IconFont string This variable specifies the font to be used to display icon
names within icons. The default is "variable".
IconForeground string [{
win-list }]
This variable specifies the foreground color to be used when
displaying icons, and may only be specified inside of a
Color,
Grayscale or
Monochrome list. The optional
win-list is a list of window names and colors so that per-window
colors may be specified. See the
BorderColor variable for a
complete description of the
win-list. The default is
"black".
IconifyByUnmapping [{ win-list }] This variable indicates that windows should be iconified by
being unmapped without trying to map any icons. This assumes
that the user will remap the window through the icon manager,
the
f.warpto function, or the
TwmWindows menu. If the
optional
win-list is provided, only those windows will be
iconified by simply unmapping. Windows that have both this
and the
IconManagerDontShow options set may not be accessible
if no binding to the
TwmWindows menu is set in the user's
startup file.
IconManagerBackground string [{
win-list }]
This variable specifies the background color to use for icon
manager entries, and may only be specified inside of a
Color,
Grayscale or
Monochrome list. The optional
win-list is a
list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may
be specified. See the
BorderColor variable for a complete
description of the
win-list. The default is "white".
IconManagerDontShow [{
win-list }]
This variable indicates that the icon manager should not
display any windows. If the optional
win-list is given, only
those windows will not be displayed. This variable is used
to prevent windows that are rarely iconified (such as
xclock or
xload) from taking up space in the icon manager.
IconManagerFont string This variable specifies the font to be used when displaying
icon manager entries. The default is "variable".
IconManagerForeground string [{
win-list }]
This variable specifies the foreground color to be used when
displaying icon manager entries, and may only be specified
inside of a
Color,
Grayscale or
Monochrome list. The
optional
win-list is a list of window names and colors so
that per-window colors may be specified. See the
BorderColor variable for a complete description of the
win-list. The
default is "black".
IconManagerGeometry string [
columns ]
This variable specifies the geometry of the icon manager
window. The
string argument is standard geometry
specification that indicates the initial full size of the
icon manager. The icon manager window is then broken into
columns pieces and scaled according to the number of entries
in the icon manager. Extra entries are wrapped to form
additional rows. The default number of columns is 1.
IconManagerHighlight string [{
win-list }]
This variable specifies the border color to be used when
highlighting the icon manager entry that currently has the
focus, and can only be specified inside of a
Color,
Grayscale or
Monochrome list. The optional
win-list is a list of
window names and colors so that per-window colors may be
specified. See the
BorderColor variable for a complete
description of the
win-list. The default is "black".
IconManagers {
iconmgr-list }
This variable specifies a list of icon managers to create.
Each item in the
iconmgr-list has the following format:
"
winname" ["
iconname"] "
geometry"
columns where
winname is the name of the windows that should be put
into this icon manager,
iconname is the name of that icon
manager window's icon,
geometry is a standard geometry
specification, and
columns is the number of columns in this
icon manager as described in
IconManagerGeometry. For
example:
IconManagers {
"XTerm" "=300x5+800+5" 5
"myhost" "=400x5+100+5" 2
}
Clients whose name or class is "XTerm" will have an entry
created in the "XTerm" icon manager. Clients whose name was
"myhost" would be put into the "myhost" icon manager.
IconManagerShow {
win-list }
This variable specifies a list of windows that should appear
in the icon manager. When used in conjunction with the
IconManagerDontShow variable, only the windows in this list
will be shown in the icon manager.
IconRegion geomstring vgrav hgrav gridwidth gridheight This variable specifies an area on the root window in which
icons are placed if no specific icon location is provided by
the client. The
geomstring is a quoted string containing a
standard geometry specification. If more than one
IconRegion lines are given, icons will be put into the succeeding icon
regions when the first is full. The
vgrav argument should be
either
North or
South and control and is used to control
whether icons are first filled in from the top or bottom of
the icon region. Similarly, the
hgrav argument should be
either
East or
West and is used to control whether icons
should be filled in from left from the right. Icons are laid
out within the region in a grid with cells
gridwidth pixels
wide and
gridheight pixels high.
Icons {
win-list }
This variable specifies a list of window names and the bitmap
filenames that should be used as their icons. For example:
Icons {
"XTerm" "xterm.icon"
"xfd" "xfd_icon"
}
Windows that match "XTerm" and would not be iconified by
unmapping, and would try to use the icon bitmap in the file
"xterm.icon". If
ForceIcons is specified, this bitmap will
be used even if the client has requested its own icon pixmap.
InterpolateMenuColors This variable indicates that menu entry colors should be
interpolated between entry specified colors. In the example
below:
Menu "mymenu"
{
"Title" ("black":"red") f.title
"entry1" f.nop
"entry2" f.nop
"entry3" ("white":"green") f.nop
"entry4" f.nop
"entry5" ("red":"white") f.nop
}
the foreground colors for "entry1" and "entry2" will be
interpolated between black and white, and the background
colors between red and green. Similarly, the foreground for
"entry4" will be half-way between white and red, and the
background will be half-way between green and white.
MakeTitle {
win-list }
This variable specifies a list of windows on which a titlebar
should be placed and is used to request titles on specific
windows when
NoTitle has been set.
MaxWindowSize string This variable specifies a geometry in which the width and
height give the maximum size for a given window. This is
typically used to restrict windows to the size of the screen.
The default width is 32767 - screen width. The default
height is 32767 - screen height.
MenuBackground string This variable specifies the background color used for menus,
and can only be specified inside of a
Color or
Monochrome list. The default is "white".
MenuBorderColor string This variable specifies the color of the menu border and can
only be specified inside of a
Color,
Grayscale or
Monochrome list. The default is "black".
MenuBorderWidth pixels This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border
surrounding menu windows. The default is 2.
MenuFont string This variable specifies the font to use when displaying
menus. The default is "variable".
MenuForeground string This variable specifies the foreground color used for menus,
and can only be specified inside of a
Color,
Grayscale or
Monochrome list. The default is "black".
MenuShadowColor string This variable specifies the color of the shadow behind pull-
down menus and can only be specified inside of a
Color,
Grayscale or
Monochrome list. The default is "black".
MenuTitleBackground string This variable specifies the background color for
f.title entries in menus, and can only be specified inside of a
Color,
Grayscale or
Monochrome list. The default is "white".
MenuTitleForeground string This variable specifies the foreground color for
f.title entries in menus and can only be specified inside of a
Color or
Monochrome list. The default is "black".
Monochrome {
colors }
This variable specifies a list of color assignments that
should be made if the screen has a depth of 1. See the
description of
Colors.
MoveDelta pixels This variable specifies the number of pixels the pointer must
move before the
f.move function starts working. Also see the
f.deltastop function. The default is zero pixels.
NoBackingStore This variable indicates that
twm's menus should not request
backing store to minimize repainting of menus. This is
typically used with servers that can repaint faster than they
can handle backing store.
NoCaseSensitive This variable indicates that case should be ignored when
sorting icon names in an icon manager. This option is
typically used with applications that capitalize the first
letter of their icon name.
NoDefaults This variable indicates that
twm should not supply the
default titlebuttons and bindings. This option should only
be used if the startup file contains a completely new set of
bindings and definitions.
NoGrabServer This variable indicates that
twm should not grab the server
when popping up menus and moving opaque windows.
NoHighlight [{
win-list }]
This variable indicates that borders should not be
highlighted to track the location of the pointer. If the
optional
win-list is given, highlighting will only be
disabled for those windows. When the border is highlighted,
it will be drawn in the current
BorderColor. When the border
is not highlighted, it will be stippled with a gray pattern
using the current
BorderTileForeground and
BorderTileBackground colors.
NoIconManagers This variable indicates that no icon manager should be
created.
NoMenuShadows This variable indicates that menus should not have drop
shadows drawn behind them. This is typically used with
slower servers since it speeds up menu drawing at the expense
of making the menu slightly harder to read.
NoRaiseOnDeiconify This variable indicates that windows that are deiconified
should not be raised.
NoRaiseOnMove This variable indicates that windows should not be raised
when moved. This is typically used to allow windows to slide
underneath each other.
NoRaiseOnResize This variable indicates that windows should not be raised
when resized. This is typically used to allow windows to be
resized underneath each other.
NoRaiseOnWarp This variable indicates that windows should not be raised
when the pointer is warped into them with the
f.warpto function. If this option is set, warping to an occluded
window may result in the pointer ending up in the occluding
window instead the desired window (which causes unexpected
behavior with
f.warpring).
NoSaveUnders This variable indicates that menus should not request save-
unders to minimize window repainting following menu
selection. It is typically used with displays that can
repaint faster than they can handle save-unders.
NoStackMode [{
win-list }]
This variable indicates that client window requests to change
stacking order should be ignored. If the optional
win-list is given, only requests on those windows will be ignored.
This is typically used to prevent applications from
relentlessly popping themselves to the front of the window
stack.
NoTitle [{
win-list }]
This variable indicates that windows should not have
titlebars. If the optional
win-list is given, only those
windows will not have titlebars.
MakeTitle may be used with
this option to force titlebars to be put on specific windows.
NoTitleFocus This variable indicates that
twm should not set keyboard
input focus to each window as it is entered. Normally,
twm sets the focus so that focus and key events from the titlebar
and icon managers are delivered to the application. If the
pointer is moved quickly and
twm is slow to respond, input
can be directed to the old window instead of the new. This
option is typically used to prevent this "input lag" and to
work around bugs in older applications that have problems
with focus events.
NoTitleHighlight [{
win-list }]
This variable indicates that the highlight area of the
titlebar, which is used to indicate the window that currently
has the input focus, should not be displayed. If the
optional
win-list is given, only those windows will not have
highlight areas. This and the
SqueezeTitle options can be
set to substantially reduce the amount of screen space
required by titlebars.
OpaqueMove This variable indicates that the
f.move function should
actually move the window instead of just an outline so that
the user can immediately see what the window will look like
in the new position. This option is typically used on fast
displays (particularly if
NoGrabServer is set).
Pixmaps {
pixmaps }
This variable specifies a list of pixmaps that define the
appearance of various images. Each entry is a keyword
indicating the pixmap to set, followed by a string giving the
name of the bitmap file. The following pixmaps may be
specified:
Pixmaps {
TitleHighlight "gray1"
}
The default for
TitleHighlight is to use an even stipple
pattern.
Priority priority This variable sets
twm's priority.
priority should be an
unquoted, signed number (e.g., 999). This variable has an
effect only if the server supports the SYNC extension.
RandomPlacement This variable indicates that windows with no specified
geometry should be placed in a pseudo-random location instead
of having the user drag out an outline.
ResizeFont string This variable specifies the font to be used for in the
dimensions window when resizing windows. The default is
"fixed".
RestartPreviousState This variable indicates that
twm should attempt to use the
WM_STATE property on client windows to tell which windows
should be iconified and which should be left visible. This
is typically used to try to regenerate the state that the
screen was in before the previous window manager was
shutdown.
SaveColor {
colors-list }
This variable indicates a list of color assignments to be
stored as pixel values in the root window property
_MIT_PRIORITY_COLORS. Clients may elect to preserve these
values when installing their own colormap. Note that use of
this mechanism is a way an for application to avoid the
"technicolor" problem, whereby useful screen objects such as
window borders and titlebars disappear when a programs custom
colors are installed by the window manager. For example:
SaveColor {
BorderColor
TitleBackground
TitleForeground
"red"
"green"
"blue"
}
This would place on the root window 3 pixel values for
borders and titlebars, as well as the three color strings,
all taken from the default colormap.
ShowIconManager This variable indicates that the icon manager window should
be displayed when
twm is started. It can always be brought
up using the
f.showiconmgr function.
SortIconManager This variable indicates that entries in the icon manager
should be sorted alphabetically rather than by simply
appending new windows to the end.
SqueezeTitle [{
squeeze-list }]
This variable indicates that
twm should attempt to use the
SHAPE extension to make titlebars occupy only as much screen
space as they need, rather than extending all the way across
the top of the window. The optional
squeeze-list may be used
to control the location of the squeezed titlebar along the
top of the window. It contains entries of the form:
"
name"
justification num denom where
name is a window name,
justification is either
left,
center, or
right, and
num and
denom are numbers specifying a
ratio giving the relative position about which the titlebar
is justified. The ratio is measured from left to right if
the numerator is positive, and right to left if negative. A
denominator of 0 indicates that the numerator should be
measured in pixels. For convenience, the ratio 0/0 is the
same as 1/2 for
center and -1/1 for
right. For example:
SqueezeTitle {
"XTerm" left 0 0
"xterm1" left 1 3
"xterm2" left 2 3
"oclock" center 0 0
"emacs" right 0 0
}
The
DontSqueezeTitle list can be used to turn off squeezing
on certain titles.
StartIconified [{
win-list }]
This variable indicates that client windows should initially
be left as icons until explicitly deiconified by the user.
If the optional
win-list is given, only those windows will be
started iconic. This is useful for programs that do not
support an
-iconic command line option or resource.
TitleBackground string [{
win-list }]
This variable specifies the background color used in
titlebars, and may only be specified inside of a
Color,
Grayscale or
Monochrome list. The optional
win-list is a
list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may
be specified. The default is "white".
TitleButtonBorderWidth pixels This variable specifies the width in pixels of the border
surrounding titlebuttons. This is typically set to 0 to
allow titlebuttons to take up as much space as possible and
to not have a border. The default is 1.
TitleFont string This variable specifies the font to be used for displaying
window names in titlebars. The default is "variable".
TitleForeground string [{
win-list }]
This variable specifies the foreground color used in
titlebars, and may only be specified inside of a
Color,
Grayscale or
Monochrome list. The optional
win-list is a
list of window names and colors so that per-window colors may
be specified. The default is "black".
TitlePadding pixels This variable specifies the distance between the various
buttons, text, and highlight areas in the titlebar. The
default is 8 pixels.
UnknownIcon string This variable specifies the filename of a bitmap file to be
used as the default icon. This bitmap will be used as the
icon of all clients which do not provide an icon bitmap and
are not listed in the
Icons list.
UsePPosition string This variable specifies whether or not
twm should honor
program-requested locations (given by the
PPosition flag in
the WM_NORMAL_HINTS property) in the absence of a user-
specified position. The argument
string may have one of
three values:
"off" (the default) indicating that
twm should
ignore the program-supplied position,
"on" indicating that
the position should be used, and
"non-zero" indicating that
the position should used if it is other than (0,0). The
latter option is for working around a bug in older toolkits.
WarpCursor [{
win-list }]
This variable indicates that the pointer should be warped
into windows when they are deiconified. If the optional
win- list is given, the pointer will only be warped when those
windows are deiconified.
WindowRing {
win-list }
This variable specifies a list of windows along which the
f.warpring function cycles.
WarpUnmapped This variable indicates that the
f.warpto function should
deiconify any iconified windows it encounters. This is
typically used to make a key binding that will pop a
particular window (such as
xmh), no matter where it is. The
default is for
f.warpto to ignore iconified windows.
XorValue number This variable specifies the value to use when drawing window
outlines for moving and resizing. This should be set to a
value that will result in a variety of distinguishable colors
when exclusive-or'ed with the contents of the user's typical
screen. Setting this variable to 1 often gives nice results
if adjacent colors in the default colormap are distinct. By
default,
twm will attempt to cause temporary lines to appear
at the opposite end of the colormap from the graphics.
Zoom [
count ]
This variable indicates that outlines suggesting movement of
a window to and from its iconified state should be displayed
whenever a window is iconified or deiconified. The optional
count argument specifies the number of outlines to be drawn.
The default count is 8.
The following variables must be set after the fonts have been
assigned, so it is usually best to put them at the end of the
variables or beginning of the bindings sections:
DefaultFunction function This variable specifies the function to be executed when a
key or button event is received for which no binding is
provided. This is typically bound to
f.nop,
f.beep, or a
menu containing window operations.
WindowFunction function This variable specifies the function to execute when a window
is selected from the
TwmWindows menu. If this variable is
not set, the window will be deiconified and raised.
BINDINGS
After the desired variables have been set, functions may be attached
titlebuttons and key and pointer buttons. Titlebuttons may be added
from the left or right side and appear in the titlebar from left-to-
right according to the order in which they are specified. Key and
pointer button bindings may be given in any order.
Titlebuttons specifications must include the name of the pixmap to
use in the button box and the function to be invoked when a pointer
button is pressed within them:
LeftTitleButton "
bitmapname" =
function or
RightTitleButton "
bitmapname" =
function The
bitmapname may refer to one of the built-in bitmaps (which are
scaled to match
TitleFont) by using the appropriate colon-prefixed
name described above.
Key and pointer button specifications must give the modifiers that
must be pressed, over which parts of the screen the pointer must be,
and what function is to be invoked. Keys are given as strings
containing the appropriate keysym name; buttons are given as the
keywords
Button1-
Button5:
"FP1" =
modlist :
context :
function Button1 =
modlist :
context :
function The
modlist is any combination of the modifier names
shift,
control,
lock,
meta,
mod1,
mod2,
mod3,
mod4, or
mod5 (which may be abbreviated
as
s,
c,
l,
m,
m1,
m2,
m3,
m4,
m5, respectively) separated by a
vertical bar (|). Similarly, the
context is any combination of
window,
title,
icon,
root,
frame,
iconmgr, their first letters
(
iconmgr abbreviation is
m), or
all, separated by a vertical bar.
The
function is any of the
f. keywords described below. For example,
the default startup file contains the following bindings:
Button1 = : root : f.menu "TwmWindows"
Button1 = m : window | icon : f.function "move-or-lower"
Button2 = m : window | icon : f.iconify
Button3 = m : window | icon : f.function "move-or-raise"
Button1 = : title : f.function "move-or-raise"
Button2 = : title : f.raiselower
Button1 = : icon : f.function "move-or-iconify"
Button2 = : icon : f.iconify
Button1 = : iconmgr : f.iconify
Button2 = : iconmgr : f.iconify
A user who wanted to be able to manipulate windows from the keyboard
could use the following bindings:
"F1" = : all : f.iconify
"F2" = : all : f.raiselower
"F3" = : all : f.warpring "next"
"F4" = : all : f.warpto "xmh"
"F5" = : all : f.warpto "emacs"
"F6" = : all : f.colormap "next"
"F7" = : all : f.colormap "default"
"F20" = : all : f.warptoscreen "next"
"Left" = m : all : f.backiconmgr
"Right" = m | s : all : f.forwiconmgr
"Up" = m : all : f.upiconmgr
"Down" = m | s : all : f.downiconmgr
Twm provides many more window manipulation primitives than can be
conveniently stored in a titlebar, menu, or set of key bindings.
Although a small set of defaults are supplied (unless the
NoDefaults is specified), most users will want to have their most common
operations bound to key and button strokes. To do this,
twm associates names with each of the primitives and provides
user- defined functions for building higher level primitives and
menus for
interactively selecting among groups of functions.
User-defined functions contain the name by which they are referenced
in calls to
f.function and a list of other functions to execute. For
example:
Function "move-or-lower" { f.move f.deltastop f.lower }
Function "move-or-raise" { f.move f.deltastop f.raise }
Function "move-or-iconify" { f.move f.deltastop f.iconify }
Function "restore-colormap" { f.colormap "default" f.lower }
The function name must be used in
f.function exactly as it appears in
the function specification.
In the descriptions below, if the function is said to operate on the
selected window, but is invoked from a root menu, the cursor will be
changed to the
Select cursor and the next window to receive a button
press will be chosen:
! string This is an abbreviation for
f.exec string.
f.autoraise This function toggles whether or not the selected window is
raised whenever entered by the pointer. See the description
of the variable
AutoRaise.
f.backiconmgr This function warps the pointer to the previous column in the
current icon manager, wrapping back to the previous row if
necessary.
f.beep This function sounds the keyboard bell.
f.bottomzoom This function is similar to the
f.fullzoom function, but
resizes the window to fill only the bottom half of the
screen.
f.circledown This function lowers the top-most window that occludes
another window.
f.circleup This function raises the bottom-most window that is occluded
by another window.
f.colormap string This function rotates the colormaps (obtained from the
WM_COLORMAP_WINDOWS property on the window) that
twm will
display when the pointer is in this window. The argument
string may have one of the following values:
"next",
"prev",
and
"default". It should be noted here that in general, the
installed colormap is determined by keyboard focus. A
pointer driven keyboard focus will install a private colormap
upon entry of the window owning the colormap. Using the
click to type model, private colormaps will not be installed
until the user presses a mouse button on the target window.
f.deiconify This function deiconifies the selected window. If the window
is not an icon, this function does nothing.
f.delete This function sends the WM_DELETE_WINDOW message to the
selected window if the client application has requested it
through the WM_PROTOCOLS window property. The application is
supposed to respond to the message by removing the indicated
window. If the window has not requested WM_DELETE_WINDOW
messages, the keyboard bell will be rung indicating that the
user should choose an alternative method. Note this is very
different from
f.destroy. The intent here is to delete a
single window, not necessarily the entire application.
f.deltastop This function allows a user-defined function to be aborted if
the pointer has been moved more than
MoveDelta pixels. See
the example definition given for
Function "move-or-raise" at
the beginning of the section.
f.destroy This function instructs the X server to close the display
connection of the client that created the selected window.
This should only be used as a last resort for shutting down
runaway clients. See also
f.delete.
f.downiconmgr This function warps the pointer to the next row in the
current icon manager, wrapping to the beginning of the next
column if necessary.
f.exec string This function passes the argument
string to /bin/sh for
execution. In multiscreen mode, if
string starts a new X
client without giving a display argument, the client will
appear on the screen from which this function was invoked.
f.focus This function toggles the keyboard focus of the server to the
selected window, changing the focus rule from pointer-driven
if necessary. If the selected window already was focused,
this function executes an
f.unfocus.
f.forcemove This function is like
f.move except that it ignores the
DontMoveOff variable.
f.forwiconmgr This function warps the pointer to the next column in the
current icon manager, wrapping to the beginning of the next
row if necessary.
f.fullzoom This function resizes the selected window to the full size of
the display or else restores the original size if the window
was already zoomed.
f.function string This function executes the user-defined function whose name
is specified by the argument
string.
f.hbzoom This function is a synonym for
f.bottomzoom.
f.hideiconmgr This function unmaps the current icon manager.
f.horizoom This variable is similar to the
f.zoom function except that
the selected window is resized to the full width of the
display.
f.htzoom This function is a synonym for
f.topzoom.
f.hzoom This function is a synonym for
f.horizoom.
f.iconify This function iconifies or deiconifies the selected window or
icon, respectively.
f.identify This function displays a summary of the name and geometry of
the selected window. If the server supports the SYNC
extension, the priority of the client owning the window is
also displayed. Clicking the pointer or pressing a key in
the window will dismiss it.
f.lefticonmgr This function similar to
f.backiconmgr except that wrapping
does not change rows.
f.leftzoom This variable is similar to the
f.bottomzoom function but
causes the selected window is only resized to the left half
of the display.
f.lower This function lowers the selected window.
f.menu string This function invokes the menu specified by the argument
string. Cascaded menus may be built by nesting calls to
f.menu.
f.move This function drags an outline of the selected window (or the
window itself if the
OpaqueMove variable is set) until the
invoking pointer button is released. Double clicking within
the number of milliseconds given by
ConstrainedMoveTime warps
the pointer to the center of the window and constrains the
move to be either horizontal or vertical depending on which
grid line is crossed. To abort a move, press another button
before releasing the first button.
f.nexticonmgr This function warps the pointer to the next icon manager
containing any windows on the current or any succeeding
screen.
f.nop This function does nothing and is typically used with the
DefaultFunction or
WindowFunction variables or to introduce
blank lines in menus.
f.previconmgr This function warps the pointer to the previous icon manager
containing any windows on the current or preceding screens.
f.priority string This function sets the priority of the client owning the
selected window to the numeric value of the argument
string,
which should be a signed integer in double quotes (e.g.,
"999" ). This function has an effect only if the server
supports the SYNC extension.
f.quit This function causes
twm to restore the window's borders and
exit. If
twm is the first client invoked from
xdm, this will
result in a server reset.
f.raise This function raises the selected window.
f.raiselower This function raises the selected window to the top of the
stacking order if it is occluded by any windows, otherwise
the window will be lowered.
f.refresh This function causes all windows to be refreshed.
f.resize This function displays an outline of the selected window.
Crossing a border (or setting
AutoRelativeResize) will cause
the outline to begin to rubber band until the invoking button
is released. To abort a resize, press another button before
releasing the first button.
f.restart This function kills and restarts
twm.
f.startwm string This function kills
twm and starts another window manager, as
specified by
string.
f.righticonmgr This function is similar to
f.nexticonmgr except that
wrapping does not change rows.
f.rightzoom This variable is similar to the
f.bottomzoom function except
that the selected window is only resized to the right half of
the display.
f.saveyourself This function sends a WM_SAVEYOURSELF message to the selected
window if it has requested the message in its WM_PROTOCOLS
window property. Clients that accept this message are
supposed to checkpoint all state associated with the window
and update the WM_COMMAND property as specified in the ICCCM.
If the selected window has not selected for this message, the
keyboard bell will be rung.
f.showiconmgr This function maps the current icon manager.
f.sorticonmgr This function sorts the entries in the current icon manager
alphabetically. See the variable
SortIconManager.
f.title This function provides a centered, unselectable item in a
menu definition. It should not be used in any other context.
f.topzoom This variable is similar to the
f.bottomzoom function except
that the selected window is only resized to the top half of
the display.
f.unfocus This function resets the focus back to pointer-driven. This
should be used when a focused window is no longer desired.
f.upiconmgr This function warps the pointer to the previous row in the
current icon manager, wrapping to the last row in the same
column if necessary.
f.vlzoom This function is a synonym for
f.leftzoom.
f.vrzoom This function is a synonym for
f.rightzoom.
f.warpring string This function warps the pointer to the next or previous
window (as indicated by the argument
string, which may be
"next" or
"prev") specified in the
WindowRing variable.
f.warpto string This function warps the pointer to the window which has a
name or class that matches
string. If the window is
iconified, it will be deiconified if the variable
WarpUnmapped is set or else ignored.
f.warptoiconmgr string This function warps the pointer to the icon manager entry
associated with the window containing the pointer in the icon
manager specified by the argument
string. If
string is empty
(i.e., ""), the current icon manager is chosen.
f.warptoscreen string This function warps the pointer to the screen specified by
the argument
string.
String may be a number (e.g.,
"0" or
"1"), the word
"next" (indicating the current screen plus 1,
skipping over any unmanaged screens), the word
"back" (indicating the current screen minus 1, skipping over any
unmanaged screens), or the word
"prev" (indicating the last
screen visited.
f.winrefresh This function is similar to the
f.refresh function except
that only the selected window is refreshed.
f.zoom This function is similar to the
f.fullzoom function, except
that the only the height of the selected window is changed.
MENUS
Functions may be grouped and interactively selected using pop-up
(when bound to a pointer button) or pull-down (when associated with a
titlebutton) menus. Each menu specification contains the name of the
menu as it will be referred to by
f.menu, optional default foreground
and background colors, the list of item names and the functions they
should invoke, and optional foreground and background colors for
individual items:
Menu "
menuname" [ ("
deffore":"
defback") ]
{
string1 [ ("
fore1":"
backn")]
function1 string2 [ ("
fore2":"
backn")]
function2 .
.
.
stringN [ ("
foreN":"
backN")]
functionN }
The
menuname is case-sensitive. The optional
deffore and
defback arguments specify the foreground and background colors used on a
color display to highlight menu entries. The
string portion of each
menu entry will be the text which will appear in the menu. The
optional
fore and
back arguments specify the foreground and
background colors of the menu entry when the pointer is not in the
entry. These colors will only be used on a color display. The
default is to use the colors specified by the
MenuForeground and
MenuBackground variables. The
function portion of the menu entry is
one of the functions, including any user-defined functions, or
additional menus.
There is a special menu named
TwmWindows which contains the names of
all of the client and
twm-supplied windows. Selecting an entry will
cause the
WindowFunction to be executed on that window. If
WindowFunction hasn't been set, the window will be deiconified and
raised.
ICONS
Twm supports several different ways of manipulating iconified
windows. The common pixmap-and-text style may be laid out by hand or
automatically arranged as described by the
IconRegion variable. In
addition, a terse grid of icon names, called an icon manager,
provides a more efficient use of screen space as well as the ability
to navigate among windows from the keyboard.
An icon manager is a window that contains names of selected or all
windows currently on the display. In addition to the window name, a
small button using the default iconify symbol will be displayed to
the left of the name when the window is iconified. By default,
clicking on an entry in the icon manager performs
f.iconify. To
change the actions taken in the icon manager, use the
iconmgr context
when specifying button and keyboard bindings.
Moving the pointer into the icon manager also directs keyboard focus
to the indicated window (setting the focus explicitly or else sending
synthetic events
NoTitleFocus is set). Using the
f.upiconmgr,
f.downiconmgr f.lefticonmgr, and
f.righticonmgr functions, the input
focus can be changed between windows directly from the keyboard.
BUGS
The resource manager should have been used instead of all of the
window lists.
The
IconRegion variable should take a list.
Double clicking very fast to get the constrained move function will
sometimes cause the window to move, even though the pointer is not
moved.
If
IconifyByUnmapping is on and windows are listed in
IconManagerDontShow but not in
DontIconifyByUnmapping, they may be
lost if they are iconified and no bindings to
f.menu "TwmWindows" or
f.warpto are setup.
FILES
$HOME/.twmrc.<screen number> $HOME/.twmrc /usr/share/X11/twm/system.twmrcENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
DISPLAY This variable is used to determine which X server to use. It
is also set during
f.exec so that programs come up on the
proper screen.
HOME This variable is used as the prefix for files that begin with
a tilde and for locating the
twm startup file.
SEE ALSO
X(5),
Xserver(1),
xdm(1),
xrdb(1)AUTHORS
Tom LaStrange, Solbourne Computer; Jim Fulton, MIT X Consortium;
Steve Pitschke, Stardent Computer; Keith Packard, MIT X Consortium;
Dave Sternlicht, MIT X Consortium; Dave Payne, Apple Computer.
X Version 11 twm 1.0.12 TWM(1)
